Instruction Manual for Hook-Type Reinforced Commutator
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China began using calendars roughly more than four thousand years ago. According to a page from an oracle-bone calendar inscribed on oracle bones, the calendar used during the Shang Dynasty had already reached a remarkably sophisticated level. This particular oracle-bone calendar is the oldest surviving physical calendar in the entire history of humankind, and thus this page of oracle bones is known as the “calendar.”
The Tang poem reads: “In the mountains, there’s no calendar; when the cold finally ends, one doesn’t even realize how many years have passed.” The “calendar” mentioned here may well be the earliest form of desk calendar. During the Tang dynasty, historians would cut paper daily and bind it into volumes—each month represented by a separate book. Each page bore the month and date, with blank spaces left for the imperial eunuchs in attendance to record the emperor’s words and deeds. This was known as the “calendar.”
At the end of each month, the “historical calendar” was first submitted to the emperor for review and then archived by the historians for use in compiling the “National History.” Because it served both to record time and comment on events, officials—both civil and military—vied with one another to emulate it.
Early development
According to historical records, around 1,100 years ago, during the first year of Yongzhen in the reign of Emperor Shunzong of the Tang Dynasty, calendars were already being used in the imperial palace. At that time, the calendar was also known as the "Imperial Calendar." It not only recorded dates but also served as an important source for compiling the national history. The calendar of that era resembled a modern-day pocket diary: the entire year was divided into 12 volumes, with the number of pages in each volume determined by the number of days in the corresponding month. Each page bore the month and date. The calendar was then temporarily kept by eunuchs who served the emperor. Every day, these eunuchs would record the emperor’s words and deeds on the blank pages of the calendar. At the end of each month, after the emperor reviewed and approved the entries, the calendar was handed over to the official historians for archiving. The historians would then integrate the calendar’s contents with major events occurring at the court and in various regions across the country, refining and polishing the information before recording it as part of the national history.
In time, as calendars brought great convenience to daily life, they gradually made their way into the homes of many high-ranking officials at court. After undergoing several transformations, these families began to compile their own calendars. Later, as calendars became increasingly popular and household-oriented, people started printing on them not only the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, monthly cycles, solar terms, and auspicious days along the ecliptic—but also leaving large blank spaces for recording personal notes and events.
As for the calendar, its evolution into various forms such as wall calendars and desk calendars has occurred only within the past century. From their earliest simple designs to the many diverse styles that have emerged in recent years, the spread and development of the market economy and the internet have both fueled cultural exchanges across different societies—and naturally, desk calendars have been part of this trend. Most notably, desk calendars have become smaller and more refined.
Appearance,Concept,Calendar,Archive
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